Israeli solar technology innovators are channelling and shaping the sun’s energy and breaking America’s dependence on oil.
Multinational companies operating in CyberSpark include EMC2, IBM, Lockheed Martin and Deutsche Telekom. Over 80% of the ministry's budget is channelled towards research in academic institutions and research institutes, as well as towards revamping scientific infrastructure by upgrading existing research facilities and establishing new ones. This is one of the highest shares in the world and is largely due to the intensive activity of the universities’ technology transfer offices. Research expenditure on health and the environment has doubled in absolute terms in the past decade but still accounts for less than 1% of total government GERD. The Weizmann Institute's technology transfer office, Yeda, has been ranked the third-most profitable in the world. The committee found economic justification for providing incentives for these companies.The Israeli Science Foundation is the main source of research funding in Israel and receives administrative support from the Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Although the representation of women has increased, it remains very low in engineering (14%), physical sciences (11%), mathematics and computer sciences (10%) relative to education (52%) and paramedical occupations (63%).There is a visible ageing of scientists and engineers in some fields. Public spending on primary education has also fallen below the OECD average. In the absence of a national policy for universities, let alone for the higher education system as a whole, it is not clear how these institutions will manage to supply the knowledge, skills and human resources needed for these new science-based industries.The country's various policy instruments are evaluated by the Council for Higher Education, the National Council for Research and Development, the Office of the Chief Scientist, the Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Ministry of Finance. Complementary funding is provided by binational foundations, such as the The Ministry of Science, Technology and Space funds thematic research centres and is responsible for international scientific co-operation. On 7 August 2011, the government approved the establishment of the National Cyber Bureau to promote the Israeli cyberdefence industry. As of 2014, Israel leads the 2014 Global Cleantech Innovation Index. Basic research in Israel only accounted for 13% of research expenditure in 2013, compared to 16% in 2006.
The share of papers with foreign co-authors is almost twice the OECD average, which is typical of small countries with a developed scientific and technological ecosystem.
In colleges, another 400 new positions are to be created, entailing a 25% net increase. In 2016, IEC's share of the electricity market was 71%. Since the drug's approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1996, it is estimated that the Weizmann Institute of Science has earned nearly US$2 billion in royalties from the commercialization of its intellectual property.Intellectual property rights in Israel protect copyright and performers’ rights, trademarks, geographical indicators, patents, industrial designs, topographies of integrated circuits, plant breeds and undisclosed business secrets.
The Office of the Chief Scientist accepted this recommendation and, consequently, decided to fund projects in the fields of medical devices, water and energy technology and multidisciplinary research.An additional evaluation was carried out in 2008 by Applied Economics, an economic and management research-based consultancy, on the contribution of the high-tech sector to economic productivity in Israel.
The country's lack of conventional energy sources has spurred extensive research and development of alternative energy sources and Israel has developed innovative technologies in the solar energy field. The level of government support for the centres of excellence has grown each year since 2011 as new centres have been established and is expected to reach NIS 93.6 million by 2015–2016 before dropping to 33.7 million in 2017–2018. Its successor, In 2013, more than half (51.5%) of government spending was allocated to university research and an additional 29.9% to the development of industrial technologies. These projects are financed by the Telem members’ own resources.In 2014, Israel topped the world for research intensity, reflecting the importance of research and innovation for the economy. Eight out of ten (83.8%) were employed in the business sector, 1.1% in the government sector, 14.4% in the higher education sector and 0.7% in non-profit institutions.In 2011, 28% of senior academic staff were women, up by 5% over the previous decade (from 25% in 2005). For Israel, which is two-thirds desert, water-saving technologies are of critical importance. This is giving companies a competitive advantage by reducing their energy costs and lowering national emissions. 2001) and the Incubator Programme (est.1991).
Meanwhile, the Office of the Chief Scientist, among others, plans to use Israel's fledgling natural gas industry as a stepping stone to building capacity in advanced technology and opening up opportunities for Israeli innovation targeting the global oil and gas markets.During the 1970s and 1980s Israel began developing the Israel also develops, manufactures, and exports a large number of related aerospace products, including rockets and satellites, display systems, aeronautical computers, instrumentation systems, drones and flight simulators. Copaxone is Teva's biggest-selling drug, with US$1.68 billion in sales in the first half of 2011. The shortage of professional staff will be a major handicap for the national innovation system in the coming years, as the growing demand for engineers and technical professionals begins to outpace supply. The public education budget accounted for 6.9% of GDP in 2002 but only 5.6% in 2011. Between 2007 and 2013, the number of graduates in physical sciences, biological sciences and agriculture dropped, even though the total number of university graduates progressed by 19% (to 39 654).
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